مروری بر سوگ: پیچیدگی های سوگ در طی شیوع کوید - 19

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم اعصاب، مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 الف. استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران ب. استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب شفا، بیمارستان خاتم‌الانبیا، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: در اواخر سال 2019، ویروس کرونای جدید (COVID-19) همه‌گیر شد و به کشورها توصیه گردید که برای جلوگیری از شیوع این بیماری از روش‌های سختگیرانه قرنطینه استفاده شود. میزان مرگ و میر ناشی از COVID-19 توسط سازمان جهانی بهداشت (WHO: World Health Organization) حدود 4/3 درصد تخمین زده شده است. تجربه از دست دادن و فقدان یک تجربه طبیعی و ضروری در زندگی انسان‌ها است که می‌تواند منجر به واکنش سوگ گردد. اختلال و وقفه در فرایند سوگ می‌تواند منجر به یک نشانه روانی ناتوان‌کننده شود که با عنوان سوگ پیچیده شناخته می‌شود. در طول قرنطینه سختگیرانه COVID-19 در جهان، حمایت اجتماعی در مراسم خاکسپاری و مراسمات مذهبی و فرهنگی مرتبط تغییر کرده است.
مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه کتاب‌های مهم در زمینه سوگ و همچنین پایگاه‌های داده‌پردازی معتبر علمی  PubMed، Web of Science ، Scopusو Google Scholar با استفاده از کلیدواژگان "grief" و "Complicated" و " COVID-19" یا " Post-traumatic Stress Disorder " مورد جستجو قرار گرفتند.
یافته ها: در طی شیوع کوید - 19، سوگ پیچیده افزایش یافته است؛ بنابراین ضروری است افرادی که از سوگ پیچیده رنج میبرند، شناسایی و درمان شوند.
نتیجهگیری: با توجه به شرایط قرنطینه، ارتباطات و حمایت‌های اجتماعی کاهش می‌یابد؛ بنابراین فراهم کردن خدمات سلامت روان مبتنی بر اینترنت می‌تواند یک روش مفید برای درمان و کمک به بیماران مبتلا به سوگ پیچیده باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


  1. Edlich RF, Kübler-Ross E. On death and dying in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1992; 10(2):225-9.
  2. Kanzaria HK, Probst MA, Hsia RY. Emergency department death rates dropped by nearly 50 percent, 1997–2011. Health Aff. 2016; 35(7):1303-8.
  3. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections-more than just the common cold. JAMA. 2020; 323(8):707-8.
  4. Coronavirus (COVID-19). World Health Organization. Available at: URL: https://who.sprinklr.com/region/emro/country/ir; 2020.
  5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506.
  6. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):507-13.
  7. Social stigma associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Unicef. Available at: URL: https://www.unicef.org/documents/social-stigma-associated-coronavirus-disease-covid-19; 2020.
  8. Simon NM, Shear KM, Thompson EH, Zalta AK, Perlman C, Reynolds CF, et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Compr Psychiatry. 2007; 48(5):395-9 .
  9. Howarth R. Promoting the adjustment of parentally bereaved children. J Ment Health Counsel. 2011; 33(1):21-32.
  10. Giunta CR. Grief recovery workbook. Brentwood: Intergrity Publishers; 2002.
  11. Humphrey KM. Counseling strategies for loss and grief. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association; 2009.
  12. Doka KJ. Living with grief: after sudden loss suicide, homicide, accident, heart attack, stroke. London: Taylor & Francis; 2014.
  13. Bedikian SA. The death of mourning: from victorian crepe to the little black dress. Omega. 2008; 57(1):35-52.
  14. Morgan JD, Laungani P. Death and bereavement around the world. New York: Baywood Publishing Co. Inc.; 2002.
  15. Stroebe MS, Hansson RO, Schut H, Stroebe W. Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention. Massachusetts: American Psychological Association; 2008.
  16. Yennurajalingam S, Bruera E. Oxford American handbook of hospice and palliative medicine and supportive care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.
  17. Parris RJ, Schlosenberg J, Stanley C, Maurice S, Clarke SF. Emergency department follow-up of bereaved relatives: an audit of one particular service. Emerg Med J. 2007; 24(5):339-42.
  18. Shear MK, Simon N, Wall M, Zisook S, Neimeyer R, Duan N, et al. Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2011; 28(2):103-17.
  19. Tofthagen CS, Kip K, Witt A, McMillan SC. Complicated grief: risk factors, interventions, and resources for oncology nurses. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21(3):331-7.
  20. Maunder RG. Was SARS a mental health catastrophe? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009; 31(4):316-7.
  21. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. London: Random House; 1967.
  22. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss: attachment. London: Random House; 1969.
  23. Bowlby J. Attachment. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; 1982.
  24. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Deblinger E. Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Publications; 2006.
  25. Gillies J, Neimeyer RA. Loss, grief, and the search for significance: toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. J Construct Psychol. 2006; 19(1):31-65.
  26. James RK, Gilliland BE. Crisis intervention strategies. Massachusetts: Cengage Learning; 2016.
  27. Kübler-Ross E, Kessler D, Shriver M. On grief and grieving: finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2005.
  28. Friedman R, James JW. The myth of the stages of dying, death and grief. Skeptic. 2008; 14(2):37-42.
  29. Shaver PR, Fraley RC. Attachment, loss, and grief: Bowlby's views and current controversies. New York: Guilford; 2008.
  30. Schneider J. Stress, loss, and grief: understanding their origins and growth potential. Pennsylvania: University Park Press; 1984.
  31. Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Stud. 1999; 23(3):197-224.
  32. Martin TL, Doka KJ, Martin TR. Men don't cry--women do: transcending gender stereotypes of grief. London: Psychology Press; 2000.
  33. Doughty EA. Investigating adaptive grieving styles: a Delphi study. Death Stud. 2009; 33(5):462-80.
  34. Stroebe MS, Schut H. Meaning making in the dual process model of coping with bereavement. New York: Psychology; 2001.
  35. Gundel H, O'Connor MF, Littrell L, Fort C, Lane RD. Functional neuroanatomy of grief: an FMRI study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160(11):1946-53.
  36. Kersting A, Ohrmann P, Pedersen A, Kroker K, Samberg D, Bauer J, et al. Neural activation underlying acute grief in women after the loss of an unborn child. Am J Psychiatry. 2009; 166(12):1402-10.
  37. O'Connor MF, Wellisch DK, Stanton AL, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR, Lieberman MD. Craving love? Enduring grief activates brain's reward center. NeuroImage. 2008; 42(2):969-72.
  38. Maccallum F, Bryant RA. A cognitive attachment model of prolonged grief: integrating attachments, memory, and identity. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013; 33(6):713-27.
  39. Robinaugh DJ, McNally RJ. Remembering the past and envisioning the future in bereaved adults with and without complicated grief. Clin Psychol Sci. 2013; 1(3):290-300.
  40. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(27):9673-8.
  41. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Price JL, Rundle MM, Vaishnavi SN, Snyder AZ, et al. The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106(6):1942-7.
  42. Spreng RN, Grady CL. Patterns of brain activity supporting autobiographical memory, prospection, and theory of mind, and their relationship to the default mode network. J Cogn Neurosci. 2010; 22(6):1112-23.
  43. Hamilton JP, Furman DJ, Chang C, Thomason ME, Dennis E, Gotlib IH. Default-mode and task-positive network activity in major depressive disorder: implications for adaptive and maladaptive rumination. Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 70(4):327-33.
  44. Liu W, Liu H, Wei D, Sun J, Yang J, Meng J, et al. Abnormal degree centrality of functional hubs associated with negative coping in older Chinese adults who lost their only child. Biol Psychol. 2015; 112:46-55.
  45. Fernández-Alcántara M, Verdejo-Román J, Cruz-Quintana F, Pérez-García M, Catena-Martínez A, Fernández-Ávalos MI, et al. Increased amygdala activations during the emotional experience of death-related pictures in complicated grief: an fMRI study. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(3):E851.
  46. Saavedra Perez H, Ikram A, Direk N, Prigerson H, Freak-Poli R, Verhaaren B, et al. Cognition, structural brain changes and complicated grief. A population-based study. Psychol Med. 2015; 45(7):1389-99.
  47. Freed PJ, Yanagihara TK, Hirsch J, Mann JJ. Neural mechanisms of grief regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 66(1):33-40.
  48. Arizmendi B, Kaszniak AW, O'Connor MF. Disrupted prefrontal activity during emotion processing in complicated grief: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage. 2016; 124(Pt A):968-76.
  49. Luo Y, Shan H, Liu Y, Wu L, Zhang X, Ma T, et al. Decreased left hippocampal volumes in parents with or without posttraumatic stress disorder who lost their only child in China. J Affect Disord. 2016; 197:223-30.
  50. Nelson MD, Tumpap AM. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity is associated with left hippocampal volume reduction: a meta-analytic study. CNS Spectr. 2017; 22(4):363-72.
  51. Lansing AE, Virk A, Notestine R, Plante WY, Fennema-Notestine C. Cumulative trauma, adversity and grief symptoms associated with fronto-temporal regions in life-course persistent delinquent boys. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016; 254:92-102.
  52. Bui E. Clinical handbook of bereavement and grief reactions. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2017.
  53. Hartz GW. Adult grief and its interface with mood disorder: proposal of a new diagnosis of complicated bereavement. Comprer Psychiatry. 1986; 27(1):60-4.
  54. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  55. Parsons S. Long-term impact of childhood bereavement: preliminary analysis of the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). London: University College London; 2011.
  56. Brewer J, Sparkes AC. Parentally bereaved children and posttraumatic growth: Insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service. Mortality. 2011; 16(3):204-22.
  57. Ayers TS, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, Twohey JL, Weyer JL, Padgett-Jones S, et al. The family bereavement program: description of a theory-based prevention program for parentally-bereaved children and adolescents. Omega. 2014; 68(4):293-314.
  58. Sandler IN, Ayers TS, Wolchik SA, Tein JY, Kwok OM, Haine RA, et al. The family bereavement program: efficacy evaluation of a theory-based prevention program for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71(3):587-600.
  59. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Deblinger E. Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Publications; 2017.
  60. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Knudsen K. Treating childhood traumatic grief: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 43(10):1225-33.
  61. Jensen TK, Holt T, Ormhaug SM, Egeland K, Granly L, Hoaas LC, et al. A randomized effectiveness study comparing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with therapy as usual for youth. J Clin Child Adolescent Psychol. 2014; 43(3):356-69.
  62. Layne CM, Saltzman WR, Poppleton L, Burlingame GM, Pašalić A, Duraković E, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47(9):1048-62.
  63. Saltzman WR, Pynoos RS, Layne CM, Steinberg AM, Aisenberg E. Trauma-and grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol. Group Dynamics Theory Res Pract. 2001; 5(4):291.
  64. Boelen PA, van den Bout J, van den Hout MA. Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement: a prospective study. Behav Res Ther. 2006; 44(11):1657-72.
  65. Boelen PA, Van Den Hout MA, Van Den Bout J. A cognitive‐behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2006; 13(2):109-28.
  66. Shear K, Frank E, Houck PR, Reynolds CF. Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 293(21):2601-8.
  67. Shear MK, Reynolds CF 3rd, Simon NM, Zisook S, Wang Y, Mauro C, et al. Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73(7):685-94.
  68. Shear MK, Wang Y, Skritskaya N, Duan N, Mauro C, Ghesquiere A. Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014; 71(11):1287-95.
  69. Smith EM. Ethnic minorities:life stress, social support, and mental health issues. Couns Psychol. 1985; 13(4):537-79.
  70. Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, et al. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemed J E Health. 2020; 26(4):377-9.
  71. Garcia-Lizana F, Munoz-Mayorga I. Telemedicine for depression: a systematic review. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2010; 46(2):119-26.
  72. Berryhill MB, Culmer N, Williams N, Halli-Tierney A, Betancourt A, Roberts H, et al. Videoconferencing psychotherapy and depression: a systematic review. Telemed J E Health. 2019; 25(6):435-46.
  73. Tuerk PW, Keller SM, Acierno R. Treatment for anxiety and depression via clinical videoconferencing: evidence base and barriers to expanded access in practice. Focus. 2018; 16(4):363-9.
  74. Rees CS, Maclaine E. A systematic review of videoconference‐delivered psychological treatment for anxiety disorders. Aust Psychol. 2015; 50(4):259-64.
  75. Berryhill MB, Halli-Tierney A, Culmer N, Williams N, Betancourt A, King M, et al. Videoconferencing psychological therapy and anxiety: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2019; 36(1):53-63.
  76. Turgoose D, Ashwick R, Murphy D. Systematic review of lessons learned from delivering tele-therapy to veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Telemed Telecare. 2018; 24(9):575-85.
  77. Olthuis JV, Wozney L, Asmundson GJ, Cramm H, Lingley-Pottie P, McGrath PJ. Distance-delivered interventions for PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2016; 44:9-26.
  78. Lawes-Wickwar S, McBain H, Mulligan K. Application and effectiveness of telehealth to support severe mental illness management: systematic review. JMIR Ment Health. 2018; 5(4):e62.
  79. Sutherland R, Trembath D, Roberts J. Telehealth and autism: a systematic search and review of the literature. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018; 20(3):324-36.
  80. Backhaus A, Agha Z, Maglione ML, Repp A, Ross B, Zuest D, et al. Videoconferencing psychotherapy: a systematic review. Psychol Serv. 2012; 9(2):111-31.
  81. Kauer SD, Mangan C, Sanci L. Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2014; 16(3):e66.
  82. Radovic A, Vona PL, Santostefano AM, Ciaravino S, Miller E, Stein BD. Smartphone applications for mental health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016; 19(7):465-70.
  83. Meredith SE, Alessi SM, Petry NM. Smartphone applications to reduce alcohol consumption and help patients with alcohol use disorder: a state-of-the-art review. Adv Health Care Technol. 2015; 1:47-54.
  84. Kerst A, Zielasek J, Gaebel W. Smartphone applications for depression: a systematic literature review and a survey of health care professionals' attitudes towards their use in clinical practice. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020; 270(2):139-52.
  85. Mental health service platform provides around-the-clock psychological support during COVID-19 outbreak. Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of Chin. Available at: URL: http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/press_releases/202003/t20200309_429190.html; 2020.